Knowledge, attitudes and intended behaviours towards HIV testing and self-protection: a survey of Omani pregnant women

Routine HIV testing of all pregnant women in Oman has been introduced without prior knowledge of women's attitudes towards testing or their behaviour in the event of a positive test. This study recruited 1000 Omani pregnant women from antenatal clinics to explore their knowledge of HIV/AIDS, attitudes towards HIV testing and intended behaviours in the event of a positive test. Mother-to-child transmission was recognized by 86.6% of the women but only 21.0% knew that it was preventable and a few acknowledged the important role of antiviral drugs. Half of the women [51.9%] reported having been tested for HIV and 75.8% agreed about routine HIV testing for all pregnant women. A higher level of knowledge was significantly associated with a favourable intended behaviour related to voluntary testing, disclosure and seeking professional assistance in the event of a positive HIV test. The results are discussed in relation to opt-in and opt-out approaches to voluntary testing during pregnancy

Anorectoplasty in children in Papua New Guinea

@#The posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) procedure for the definitive repair of children with imperforate anus was described in 1982. Unfortunately, surgeons in Papua New Guinea (PNG) have until recently not had the opportunity of being trained in the technique. Through the Medical Officer, Nursing and Allied Health Sciences Training Project (MONAHP) and Pacific Islands Project (PIP) of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, 65 Papua New Guinean children with an anorectal anomaly have undergone a repair, in conjunction with training of the surgical staff and medical students. A new technique for the management of a prolapsed colostomy has been developed and a protocol for management of PSARP patients postoperatively has been formulated. Patients referred to the paediatric surgical visiting teams were diagnosed and treated according to the stage their management had reached. Patients with a low anomaly were treated by a cutback procedure, those with a colostomy and a high lesion were managed by a PSARP and those with failed previous surgery were managed with a redo anorectoplasty, often without a covering colostomy. Data were collected on the patients treated and, where possible, the patients were followed during subsequent visits. 65 patients with an anorectal anomaly were treated, of whom 6 were treated with a cutback and 43 had a primary repair of a major anomaly. 5 of these 43 involved an abdominoperineal procedure. 19 children had redo surgery, 3 of whom had a second operation by the senior author, due to failure of initial postoperative management; 1 of these was for a failure to carry out the postoperative dilatations and 2 were due to poorly controlled constipation in the early postoperative period. A protocol for the postoperative dilatations was developed using shaped candles. Major complications were uncommon, in particular infections were rare despite the relative lack of facilities. However, difficulties with outpatient follow-up resulted in problems that could have been avoided. A large number of anorectal anomalies have been successfully treated as part of the MONAHP and PIP projects with local surgeons learning the technique. A protocol for follow-up and a technique for the management of colostomy prolapse have been developed.

The development of paediatric surgery in Papua New Guinea

@#Until 1993 complex surgery for children in Papua New Guinea (PNG) was usually conducted by general surgeons, or by overseas paediatric surgeons during ad hoc visits. There had been little coordination of these occasional international visits and no involvement in the surgical teaching program in the University Department of Surgery. Over eight years from July 1993 to July 2000, three Australian surgeons spent 33 weeks teaching paediatric surgery and paediatric urology, using lectures, tutorials and operative demonstration sessions. This paper is a report of the teaching and service provided by one surgeon (PAD) over 27 weeks in PNG and describes the development and training of the surgeon who will be the country's first qualified paediatric surgeon (MM). Other support given has been assistance with the publication of scientific papers, reviews of Masters' theses, the development of a proposal for investigation of the prevalence of renal tract anomalies and the development of protocols for the surgical management of anorectal anomalies and Hirschsprung's disease. In addition to this teaching, 311 children have had surgery during the 11 visits that form the basis of this report. The visits have been supported and funded by AusAID and the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons through the Medical Officer, Nursing and Allied Health Professional (MONAHP) and Pacific Islands Project (PIP) programs. An indication of the impact on the care of children with surgical diseases is evident from the improved skills and the changed referral patterns over the eight years.

Minimal stimulation protocol: a cheap and effective method of ovulation induction

Objective - To determine the effectiveness and cost of Minimal Stimulation Protocol [MSP], a new combination of human menopausal gonadotrophin [hMG] and clomiphene citrate [CC], for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Method- The ovulation rates, pregnancy rates, abortion rates and the cost of medication were assessed in respect of 67 women who underwent MSP. Results - Ovulation rate in the study group was 82%, pregnancy rate 21% and multiple pregnancies 7%. Spontaneous abortion occurred in 36% of the pregnancies. The average cost of MSP stimulation was one-third of hMG protocol. Conclusion - MSP protocol, while substantially cheaper than hMG, gives comparable pregnancy rates with less need for monitoring and better patient comfort. These justify further evaluation of its role in the treatment of infertility

unusual morphologic pattern of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

We report a case of an unusual morphologic pattern of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid within a single large encapsulated nodule, consisting predominantly of microfollicles with bland nuclei to a transition of follicles lined by optically clear nuclei and ill-defined papillary structures